Importance of the Fed in the U.S. Economy Essay Example for Free

Importance of the Fed in the U.S. Economy Essay Apart from the investors and the consumers of the United States, the Federal Reserve happens to be the most important player in the United States economy. The central bank of the U. S. , the Federal Reserve (commonly referred to as the Fed) includes a â€Å"a federal government agency, the Board of Governors, in Washington, D. C. , and 12 regional Reserve Banks† in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Kansas City, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, San Francisco, and St. Louis (â€Å"The Federal Reserve†). This government agency at the heart of the United States economy, controlled through federal information coming from various quarters, determines how investors and consumers would behave in the future. In so doing, the Fed plays a ‘weighty’ hand in the functioning of the U. S. economy. The Federal Reserve is responsible for overseeing the functioning of banks. The Congress, on the other hand, is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the Fed. Dr. Robert Keleher, the Chief Macroeconomist of the Joint Economic Committee, expresses the importance of these facts with an emphasis on the role of the Fed in the U. S. economy: As the Nations Central Bank, the Federal Reserve is granted special privileges and so assumes the responsibilities and characteristics of such a bank. It monopolizes the issuance of paper money, serves as banker for both the government and commercial banks, and acts as lender of last resort. The latter, in turn, calls for bank regulatory responsibilities. Since Federal Reserve operations work to centralize reserves (Federal Reserve notes and deposits form a large portion of bank reserves), they entail responsibility for reserve management and hence monetary policy. Two critically important macroeconomic functions of the Central Bank, therefore, are the maintenance and achievement of price and financial system stability (i. e. , stable monetary policy and the provision of lender-of-last-resort services). †¦The importance of congressional oversight of the Federal Reserve cannot be overemphasized. These functions are important, for example, because they imply that the Federal Reserve controls and hence is responsible for the management of total spending or aggregate demand as well as inflation. In carrying out its monetary policy management (via manipulating reserves), the Federal Reserve influences interest rates—especially short-term rates—as well as foreign exchange rates and other financial market prices. And in times of financial crisis, the Federal Reserves lender-of-last-resort function stabilizes the entire financial system†¦. (â€Å"The Importance,† 1997). The Fed has the power to change the money supply in the United States (â€Å"Monetary Policy†). An increase in money supply tends to lower interest rates, which in turn may increase investment around the nation in addition to consumer spending. A decrease in the supply of money will raise interest rates. Given that raised rates of interest are expected to reduce consumer spending as well as capital investment, thereby reducing demand as well as prices, the Federal Reserve can hope to control inflation by decreasing money supply. The Federal Reserve uses interest rates as a tool to influence economic activity. The funds rate, which is the interest that banks charge each other on overnight loans, happens to be the Federal Reserve’s primary tool of monetary policy, seeing that this rate affects several other interests rates charged to consumers and to businesses (Associated Press, 2006). The interest rate influences money supply and various components of the U. S. economy. Most importantly, it is this tool of monetary policy that helps to determine the financial health of the people of America with respect to the state of the economy. How much money common people and businesses would be able to spend in a given time is, in fact, the responsibility of the Federal Reserve to adjust and readjust through its monetary policy. The amount of spending in the economy is closely related to the standard of living of the Americans. Hence, the Fed’s role of making monetary policy work for the United States is oft understood to be the most crucial one. The second most important role of the Fed is thought to be â€Å"Banking Supervision. † Seeing as a sound and strong financial system is essential to the â€Å"health of the economy and the effectiveness of monetary policy,† the central bank of the United States supervises as well as regulates financial institutions throughout the nation. By so doing, the bank of the banks is in a better position to make sound policy decisions (â€Å"Banking Supervision†). What is more, by ensuring that the investment and commercial banks around the nation are engaging in sound business practices, the Federal Reserve guarantees the investors and consumers of America that their moneys and economic interests would remain well guarded. The third function of the Federal Reserve is connected to the second, which is connected to the first. As â€Å"a bank for banks† the Fed not only supervises the latter, but also provides essential financial services to â€Å"depository institutions,† such as â€Å"banks, credit unions, and savings and loans. † Just as the commercial banks handle transactions among their customers, in addition to the transactions of their customers with the customers of other banks; the Federal Reserve handles transactions among banks. These financial services provided by the central bank include the electronic transfer of funds between banks; the collection of checks at various depository institutions; and the distribution as well as receiving of U. S. dollars and cents among and from the depository institutions, which require freshly minted money on a regular basis (â€Å"Financial Services†). The Fed also is a bank for the United States government. Referred to as the federal government’s â€Å"fiscal agent,† the central bank provides financial services to the government’s Department of Treasury. In addition, the â€Å"bank for the government† sells and redeems government securities, for example, â€Å"Saving Bonds and Treasury Bills† (â€Å"Financial Services†). It is at this point that the third most important function of the Federal Reserve joins with the first. By buying and selling government securities, the Federal Reserve changes the money supply: the selling of government securities decreases the money supply, and the buying of such securities increases the supply of money in the U. S. economy (â€Å"FOMC†). Whether the Federal Reserve must buy or sell government securities at a given time is determined by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which is a fundamental â€Å"branch of the Federal Reserves Board† and â€Å"composed of the Board of Governors†¦and five reserve-bank presidents. † The FOMC is also responsible for making decisions about the direction that the interest rate should take. While the investors may only speculate about the pertinent monetary policy decisions of the FOMC, the Americans may continue to enjoy sound sleep at night with the knowledge that the Federal Reserve is a highly responsible agent of the government which has accompanied the economy through periods of very high growth, especially in the most recent decades (â€Å"FOMC†). Given the above facts about the central bank of the United States, it would not be an exaggeration to claim that the Federal Reserve is the banker of each American. While setting the monetary policy and performing its other functions, the Federal Reserve has the best interests of the Americans and the American economy at heart. Whether it is unemployment rate that must be fixed, or the inflation rate that must be adjusted to account for technological improvements; the Fed is in charge of correcting the errors. The changes facing the economy at any time are varied. The Federal Reserve must sift through the information about the economy that it is presented with, analyze the information with an emphasis on the interest of the Americans, and then make sound policy decisions that would impact the future of the economy. During low growth periods, the Federal Reserve is looked up to for massive corrections in the system, generally carried out through appropriate monetary policy decisions. The American public has high expectations attached to the Fed in times of economic hardship. In periods of high growth, on the other hand, the Fed continues to oversee the functioning of the economy to check for the menace of inflation, etc. Thus, this ‘bank of America’ is constantly overseeing the economy and overruling bad choices in the employment of the resources available to the U. S. What is more, the United States economy at present cannot envision a time when it would be no more affiliated with the Fed. Rather, the Federal Reserve is indispensable in the U. S. economic system. References Associated Press. (2006, May 31). Federal Reserve Minutes Show Uncertainty Over Future Interest Rate Hikes. Fox News. Available 20 February 2007, from http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,197674,00. html. Banking Supervision. Fed 101. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. federalreserveeducation. org/fed101/supervision/. FOMC Federal Open Market Committee. Investopedia. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/f/fomc. asp. Financial Services. Fed 101. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. federalreserveeducation. org/fed101/services/. Monetary Policy. Fed 101. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. federalreserveeducation. org/fed101/policy/. The Federal Reserve System Online. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. federalreserveonline. org/. The Importance of the Federal Reserve. (1997, March). Joint Economic Committee Report. Available 29 May 2007, from http://www. house. gov/jec/fed/fed/fed-impt. pdf.

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In the poems â€Å"Hawk Roosting† and â€Å"Golden Retrievals,† Ted Hughes and Mark Doty, respectively, portray differing views of the world from the perspectives of two different animals. Hughes depicts a hawk as omnipotent, cunning, and calculating in its actions and motives; whereas Doty conveys the animal perspective through a golden retrieval depicted as carefree and joyful. Through utilization of poetic devices, both authors offer contrasting characterizations of the two animals and distinct perspectives of the world. Through use of poetic devices, Hughes and Doty, respectively, characterize the hawk and the golden retrieval in different lights to ultimately reveal the animals' views on themselves. Hughes’ poem, the â€Å"Hawk Roosting,† features a self-obsessed and demanding Hawk. The author characterizes the hawk through the use of first person point of view. The use of personal pronouns â€Å"mine,† â€Å"my,† and â€Å"I† furthers the author’s point that the Hawk believes the world revolves around it and it alone. It seems oblivious to the importance of the world around it. It takes on the position of a king; the hawk presides over everything. Furthermore, the Hawk never seems to mention any other living creature. As far as it is concerned, every other creature is entirely irrelevant and has no place in the world. Moreover, the hawk sees itself as a God-like creature. The hawk may â€Å"kill where [it pleases]† and in the most gruesome â€Å"ma nner,...tearing off heads.† The hawk seems to have declared itself grim reaper at this point in the poem. The hawk has no one to answer to and thus does and plans accordingly. It almost brags to the audience about its unique ability of killing other creatures in the most brutal way possible; it enjoys the viciousness of... ...ife, demonstrating that humans also calculate and systematically plan for the future, collectively trying to be the best of the best at all times much like the hawk. Hughes’ systematic hawk makes Doty’s golden retrieval seem very much lost and distracted as each day passes. The hawk would like nothing more than to fly alone and dictate the universe, whereas the dog simply travels with his master as nothing more than a companion. The hawk recognizes the world around him with a callous superciliousness and deliberate approach for the future while the dog lives in the present and concentrates on the small, but valuable things in life. Both animals live their lives differently and individually as humans do. The utilization of an animal’s point of view is accomplished completely in both poems as the poets connect the animals’ thought processes to that of the human race.

Impact of Employee Commitment On Employee performance Essay

Employee commitment permanently shows a vigorous part to expand the employees’ performance. Committed employees provide an immense input to organizations in standings of their performance. The study explored the effect of the employee’s commitment on employee’s performance. Data was collected through 200 questionnaires from the employees of banking, telecommunication and education sector from Lahore, Pakistan. For data analysis SPSS16 version was used. The outcomes display a positive and significant association between employee commitment and employee performance. Additionally, comparative analysis of the three dimensions of employee commitment (affective, continuous and normative commitment) shows a positive and significant impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The interpretations, limitations, implications and conclusions are also debated at the end of the study. KEY WORDS: Employee commitment (EC), Affective commitment (AC), Continuous commitment (CC), Normative commitment (NC), Employee Performance (EP). INTRODUCTION:  Employee commitment denotes to emotional affection of employees to the place of work. Now times it is compulsory for every organization to have complete level of its employee’s commitment. In this fashion organizations can have an exceptional performance on extended duration foundation. In the current age when employees work as a team and each team member attempts his greatest efforts to show himself at top among all. All such things rise the commitment level of the employees which as a consequence intensification the enactment of the employees. To get economical advantage every employee of the organization must be committed to the administrative purposes. Still the employee commitment is the utmost puzzling and researchable perception in the arenas of organization and executive behavior. In former times organizations offer job safety to expand the commitment level of the employees which pointers to the enhanced employee’s performance. Advanced level of the employee commitment at singular smooth and administrative level is the crucial element of the superior employee performance. Meyer and Allen’s (1991) established a three-component prototypical of organizational commitment. The three- component model was a inclusive and comprehensible theory for OC. The three-component model consists of: (a)Affective  commitment (AC) is the demonstrative supplement to one’s organization. (b)Continuous commitment (CC) is the affection founded on the addition of respected side risks (pension, skill transferability, rearrangement and self-investment) that differentiate with the organizational participation. (c)Normative commitment (NC) is the linking that is shaped on motivation to duplicate to communal customs about attachment. LITERATURE REVIEW: The article written by Whyte in 1956 in his book â€Å"The organization Man† gives the concept of commitment. Commitment originates when a person makes a side link and extraneous interests with a reliable and consistent activity. The person who remains for a long time with the organization shows his commitment towards the organization. Commitment helps to improve the individual as well as the performance of the organization as a whole. Commitment behavior is also explained by many other researchers(A.Yousef, 1998). Commitment explains the association of large number of systems as an overall link (AlexandraPanaccio & Vandenberghe, 2012). The enthusiasm of collective performers to offer their energy and devotion to social systems, the addition of personality systems to shared associations who are seen as self- sensitive(Ashar, Ghafoor, Munir, & Hafeez, 2013). commitment (1) contains somewhat of the conception of the affiliation; (2) it replicates the existing place of the individual; (3) it has a unusual forecaster probable, providing guesses regarding definite traits of performance , motivation to work, natural input and other correlated results; (4) it propose the distinctive importance of motivational factors(Ashraf, MehdiJaffri, Sharif, & Khan, 2012). To integrate and coordinate the individual and organization objectives, process of using commitment is beneficial(Ayodeji, Oyelere, Tunde, & Mariam, 2011).Commitment is â€Å"a situation in which an individual become bound by his activities and through these engagements to opinions that stand the activities of his own contribution(Chen, Silverthrone, & Hung, 2006).M ore committed employees request to dismiss from the organization at smallest level(Dixit & Bhati, 2012). Commitment is the comparative power of an individual’s empathy with and in a specific organization(Dost & Ahmad, 2011).Low commitment leads toward to extraordinary degree of turnover, however greater the level of job satisfaction and demands high level of organizational commitment which  promote to improved job performance(E.Becker, s.Billings, Eleleth, & L.Gilbert, 1996).Commitment is â€Å"an emotional state that fixes a person with the organization†(Fisher, Mcphail, & Menghetti, 2010). Commitment is a psychosomatic state that symbolizes the employee affiliation with the organization and has an inference on the conclusion to continue connection in the organization(Green, Mahyhew, & k&pack, 2000).Employee commitment diminutions the possibility of employee’s predisposition of departure the job(Khan, Ziauddin, Jam, & M.I.Rammy, 2010).Commitment as a prejudiced, affective attachment to the aims and principles of the organization, to one’s role in relative to goals and values and to the organization for its own benefit , separately from its virtuously contributory means(L.Sims & K.GalenKroeck, 1994).Employee commitment clues to extraordinary level of organizational performance and very small level of employee move from the organization(M.Steeres, 1977). The performance of committed teachers is highly different from those employees who are less committed(Macky & Boxball, 2007). Significant research has been done in the preceding to discover the methods to increase the employee performance e.g.; task performance contains activities which an employee executes to achieve responsibilities given to him by his controller or behavior linked which are the basic procedures of the happenings of the organization(P.Meyer, J.Stanely, & M.Parfyonova, 2012).Organizational performance can be sedate through three basic modules which are economic performance, merchandise market performance and return to the shareholders(Panaccio & Vandenberghe, 2012). Micro placement on method to job approaches and performance association is slightly confusing(Riketta, 2002).Organizational performance is an outcome of the employee understanding and commitment(Saleem, 2011).Developed level of employee commitment in the organizations for individual plans are to the business is supposed as a main intention for improved organizational performance that leads to the organizational success(Shahid & .m.Azhar, 2013).Reliability has been described as the best of the human state ,the better the human are committed to their undertaking will lead to their better performance(Vural, Vardarlier, & Aykir, 2012). Theoretical Framework: The correlation between employee commitment (independent variable) and  employee performance (dependent variable) is presented in the form of schematic diagram; the employee commitment is further divided into three dimension affective, continuous and normative commitment. (Independent Variable)(Dependent Variable) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The most important interest of the study is to investigate the impact of employee commitment on employee performance and to find the relationship of affective, continuous and normative commitment with employee performance in telecom sector, banking sector and educational sector in city of Lahore (Pakistan). VARIABLES OF THE STUDY: The Variables under the study are Employee commitment as independent variable and employee performance as dependent variable. Commitment has been further divided into three dimension affective, continuous, and normative commitment. Employee commitment: According to Meyer &Allen (1990) commitment is defined as â€Å"the employee’s emotional state of responsibility to stay with the organization, feelings subsequent from the internalization of normative stress exercised on an individual earlier to or following entry†. Reyes (2001) has defined commitment as â€Å"a one-sided, affective attachment to the aims and values of the organization, to one’s role in relative to objectives and principles and to the organization for its own interest, distant from its virtuously influential value†. Employee Performance: According to Meyer& Allen (1990) employee performance has been well-defined as â€Å"the job performance is the work experience in standings of measure and excellence projected from each employee†. . Richard et.al (2009) said that â€Å"organizational performance can be restrained through three basic components which are economic performance, product market performance and reoccurrence to the shareholders. Dimensions of employee commitment: Meyer& Allen (1991) developed a three-component model of organizational  commitment which has been the foremost outline for organizational commitment. The three component model consists of: (A)Affective commitment: Numerous studies, define the affective commitment as a significant orientation of the employees towards the organization, some researchers designate affective approach as â€Å"the supplement of an individual’s set up of affectivity and reaction to the group. Affective commitment prevails to the goals and values and to the organization for its own interest. Porter and Mow day et.al (1979) designate affective approach as â€Å"the absolute strength of an individual’s empathy with the association in a certain organization†. (b)Continuous commitment: When the employees arrive into the organization they are guaranteed to commit with the organization because of the absence of substitute chances and responsiveness of the cost linked with departure the organization. Continuous commitment improves on the basis of two aspects: (1) quantity of stashes that individuals make in their existing organization (2) perceived lack of alternatives†. Continuous commitment is a â€Å"cognitive-continuance commitment as that which arises when there is a profit related with continued involvement and a cost accompanying with leaving†. Some researchers tell that the â€Å"continuous commitment can be sub-divided into high expense commitment (personal sacrifice linked with the departure) and low substitute commitment (restricted opportunities for other employment)†. (c)Normative commitment: Normative commitment develops on the basis of earlier experience for example family-based experience or cultural experience. March (1977) said that â€Å"the normative aspects develop as individual’s perception of their moral responsibility to remain with the exhaustive organization regardless of the status improvement or fulfillment the organization gives the individual over the year†. Normative commitment can be increased through the additional reimbursements given to the employee by the employer. Steven (1978) said that â€Å"an individual is keen to stay within the organization and donate to an organization to resemble with a individual custom†. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To explore the impact of employee’s commitment on employee performance; 2. To understand the impact of affective, continuous and normative commitment that they have positive and significant effect on employees’ performance; 3. To access some of the possible ways in which organizations can improve the performance of the employees; 4. To analyze that the employee commitment is a key factor towards employee performance; 5. To conclude that a better strategic vision to enable the organization both at the governmental and institutional level to ensure the higher level of employee’s performance. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY: H1: There is a relationship between the employee commitment and employee performance. H2: There is a relationship between the affective commitment and employee performance. H3: There is a relationship between continuous commitment and employee performance. H4: There is a relationship between normative commitment and employee performance. RESEARCH DESIGN: (1) Instrument: The research targets to study the impact of employee commitment on employee performance. Data was collected through Questionnaire. The employee commitment Questionnaire consists of 18 items (related to affective, continuous, normative commitment), each factor consisted of 6 questions each in which 9 items were taken from the organizational commitment questionnaire by Allen Mayer. The second part of questionnaire is related to the employee performance and consists of 10 items. The questions were measured on a five point Liker’s scale developed by William Anderson(1991)ranging from(1)strongly disagree,(2)Disagree,(3)Neither agree nor disagree,(4)Agreed,(5)strongly-agree this research paper employee commitment(affective, continuous, normative) taken as independent variable and employee performance is taken as dependent variable. First pilot study was conducted by using 25 questionnaires. The crown back alpha was 70% in pilot study. After conducting pilot study some modifications were made in the questionnaire, these changes were made in the items which were creating ambiguity and miss- understanding among the respondents.200 Questionnaires were again used to collect the data from the respondents. The questionnaires were duly distributed and collected from the respondents of the Lahore. The  reliability and analyses were done by using SPSS. (2)Sample: A sample of 200 Questionnaires was used to conduct the research on the topic impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The Stratified random sampling was used for data collection .Liker five point scales was used having two extreme ends. It is a causal type of investigation; the main purpose was to find the impact of employee commitment on employee performance. The research was conducted in a non-contrived study environment means that the study was conducted in a natural environment; it was a cross-sectional study. (3)Subjects: The data was collected from the employees of the three major sectors (banking, telecommunication and education sector), the data collection was confined to the city of Lahore. DATA ANALYSIS: The data will be collected through questionnaires entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS); following tools were uses for analysis: Regression analysis and correlation tests. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: 1. The study was conducted and data was collected only to see the impact of employee commitment of employee performance 2. The study further elaborates the relationship of the dimensions of the employee commitment (affective, continuous and normative) with the employee performance; 3. The study can also be done to know the effects of the other factors on employee performance. The cross-sectional method of study was used to collect the data which means that the research was conducted only one time, but longitudinal method of study can also be used for the better results; 4. Due to the deficiency of cost and time only one city Lahore and three sectors (banking, telecommunication and education) were used to conduct the research. The results might be different for different cities and organization. REFERENCES: A.Yousef, D. (1998). Satisfaction with job security as a predictor of organizational commitment and job performance in a multicultural environment. International Journal of Manpower, 19(3), 184-194. AlexandraPanaccio, & Vandenberghe, C. (2012). Five factor model of personality and organizational commitment:The mediating role of positive and negative affective states. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 647-658. Ashar, M., Ghafoor, M. M., Munir, E., & Hafeez, S. (2013). The impact of perceptions of trining on employee commitment and turnover intention:Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(1), 74-88. Ashraf, Z., MehdiJaffri, A., Sharif, M. T., & Khan, M. A. (2012). Increasing employee organizational commitment by corelating goal setting,employee engagement and optimism at workplace. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 71-78. Ayodeji, O. O., Oyelere, M., Tunde, E., & Mariam, G.-S. (2011). Enhancing employees’ commitmentto organi zation through training. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(280-286). Chen, J.-C., Silverthrone, C., & Hung, J.-Y. (2006). Organization communication,job stress,organizational commitment and job performance of accounting professionals in Taiwan and Amercia. Leadership&Organizational Development Journal, 27(4), 242-249. Dixit, D. V., & Bhati, M. M. (2012). A study about employee commitment and its impact on sustained productivity in Indian Auto-component industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), 34-51. Dost, M. K. B., & Ahmad, D. Z. (2011). Impact of employee commitment on organizational performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(3), 87-98. E.Becker, T., s.Billings, R., Eleleth, D. M., & L.Gilbert, N. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment:Implications for job performance. The Acadamy of Management Journal, 39(4), 464-482. Fisher, R., Mcphail, R., & Menghetti, G. (2010). Linking employee performance and behaviors with business performance:A comparative analysis of hotels in Mexico and China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 397-404. Green, F., Felsted, Mahyhew, & k&pack. (2000). The impact of training on labour mobility:individual and firm level evidence from Britian. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38(2), 261-275. Khan, M. R., Ziauddin, Jam, F. A., & M.I.Rammy. (2010). The impacts of organizational commitment on employee job performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 292-298. L.Sims, R., & K.GalenKroeck. (1994). The influence of ethical fit on employee satisfaction,commitment and turnover. Journal of Business Ethices, 13, 939-947. M.Steeres, R. (1977). Antecedentsand outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 46-56. Macky, K., & Boxball, P. (2007). The relationship between ‘high performance work practices’and employee attitudes:an investigation of additive and interaction effects. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 537-567. P.Meyer, J., J.Stanely, L., & M.Parfyonova, N. (2012). Employee commitment in contex:The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 1-16. Panaccio, A., & Vandenberghe, C. (2012). Five factor model of personality and organizational commitment:The mediating role of positive and negative affective states. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudi nal organizational commitment and job performance:a meta analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266. Saleem, S. (2011). The impact of financial incentives on employee commitment European Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 258-367. Shahid, M. A., & .m.Azhar, D. S. (2013). Gaining emloyee commitment:Linking to organizational effectiveness. Journal of Management Research, 5(1), 250-268. Vural, Y., Vardarlier, P., & Aykir, A. (2012). The effects of using talent management with performance evaluation system over employee commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 340-349.

Essay about Media, Appearance and Eating Disorders

Media, Appearance and Eating Disorders Many women are concerned with their appearance. Too many of them are caught up with the image of being skinny and pretty. By seeing all the beautiful, thin women in the media and in society, they may feel insecure about the way they look. Therefore, they try and do anything they can to acquire that appearance. Methods they use to try and achieve this are by self-starvation, known as Anorexia, or induced vomiting, known as Bulimia. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are only two of the eating disorders that often result from their incessant desire to be thin and beautiful. Eating disorders, such as these, also occur amongst men. However, it is less common. Standards for males simply†¦show more content†¦Anorexia nervosa is the persistent pursuit of thinness. A person suffering from this eating disorder refuses to maintain normal body weight for his/her age and height. He/she weigh eighty-five percent or less than what is expected for their age and height, and deny the dangers of low weight. He/she is terrified of gaining weight and becoming fat, even though they are distinctly underweight. Young girls do not begin to menstruate at the appropriate age, and in women, menstrual periods stop. In men, sex hormones fall. Also, often included with anorexia nervosa are depression, irritability, withdrawal, and peculiar behaviors such as strange eating habits. Bulimia nervosa is the diet-binge-purge disorder. A person with this eating disorder binge eats and feels out of control while eating. He/she vomits, misuses laxatives, exercises, or fasts to get rid of the calories. Dieting is done when not bingeing but then he/she becomes hungry and binges again. He/she believes self-worth requires being thin. Their weight may be normal, unless anorexia is also present. Like anorexia, bulimia can kill. Bulimics act cheerful but are often depressed, lonely, ashamed, and empty inside. Also, due to their feelings of unworthiness and difficulty talking about their feelings, anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and deeply buried anger is almost always included. There is a great deal of otherShow MoreRelatedBody Dissatisfaction And Eating Disorders946 Words   |  4 Pagesbody (Cash, 2012). This includes both a perceptual awareness of one’s appearance and an attitude toward one’s appearance (Cash, 2012). Body dissatisfaction involves the attitudinal portion of body image, which refers to the extent to which a person is displeased with his or her body (Cash, 2012). Body dissatisfaction contributes to the development of eating disorders because when people are dissatisfied with their appearance, they are more willing to engage in self-destructive behaviors in orderRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn a society obsessed with appearance and numb to sexism, it comes as no surprise that women are expressing hate for their bodies more than ever before. Mass media’s portrayal of women is one of unattainable perfection— most models are stick thin with flawless complexions and pearl-white smiles. Consumers are bombarded with images of women being displayed as sex objects, valued for their physical appearance above all else. The evasiveness of media has led women to believe they must resemble the modelsRead MoreLiterature Review : Body Image1173 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review: Body Image â€Å"Act 2: Extending Theory on Social Media and Body Concerns† shows the pattern and connection between social media and body image. People that are already affected by vulnerable factors, such as low self-esteem, depression, perfectionism and the thought that appearance is essential to self-worth, seek the gratifications that come from using social media. For example, if someone is feeling unattractive, but a picture they posted online is getting liked and commented onRead MoreCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that700 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that cause people to maintain focus on only their diet and weight. Some prime examples of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating. Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder where people are so focused on their weight that they refuse to eat or eat as little as possible, bulimia nervosa is similar to anorexia except instead of eating so little people binge eat and then forceRead MoreMedia Is The Blame For Eating Disorders844 Words   |  4 Pagesfacebook, snapchat. Today’s media has dominated the way young women see themselves. Young women are constantly comparing themselves to Kendall Jenner, Kim Kardashian, or even their best friend. b. Relevance statement: i. Many people can relate to media being the blame for eating disorders because they’ve either dealt with this or know someone who has had an eating disorder due to what the media says you should look like. c. Thesis statement: i. When thinking of how the media can manipulate your ideaRead MoreHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Beautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed toRead MoreEssay about Ideal Image of Beauty719 Words   |  3 Pagesimpact to the increasing rates of eating disorders. The mass media reflects society; however they do not necessarily represent all of society. Therefore they give off unrealistic beliefs on how a person should look. The authors who wrote this article make a theory based on how much of an influence the media has on women in society. There are also studies that show how the widespread use of small models in the media has a connection with the increase of eating disorders and diet programs. Two nationalRead MoreDisordered Eating and the Media Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe media constantly sends out an influx of images and messages promoting an almost unattainable unrealistic image of beauty, that has consistently been linked to disordered eating and body dissatisfaction, predominantly among girls but can also be seen in boys. Throughout the years the ideal body shape has progressed from voluptuous and curvaceous an image Marilyn Monroe emulated to a slimmer and leaner frame in congruence with high fashion models such as Kate Moss (Katzmarzk Davis, 2001). AnorexiaRead MoreThe Media Is Responsible For The Increase Of Eating Disorders1452 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrate different viewpoints on how the media plays a role in today’s era. My research will study the influence of media on eating behaviors and the significant studies regarding this topic. My paper will also cover the outcomes of media portraying unhealthy body images, weight loss ads, and the i nfluence of the internet encouraging eating disorders. Based on the research, it can be clear that the media is responsible for the increase of eating disorders in today’s society. Therefore, it is importantRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe media is everywhere; phones, televisions, magazines, so it is hard not to be exposed to some type of media platform throughout the day. Among these forms of media are photos and videos of woman idealized as the perfect woman. Magazines release photos of women whose looks are highly unachievable and thought as as the ideal woman. An average woman exposed to these photos may feel depresssed and may want to look like the model through unsafe dieting and other eating disorders. The media has affected